20.7. httplib — HTTP protocol client¶
- Note: The httplib module has been renamed to http.client in Python
- 3.0. The 2to3 tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to 3.0.
This module defines classes which implement the client side of the HTTP and HTTPS protocols. It is normally not used directly — the module urllib uses it to handle URLs that use HTTP and HTTPS.
- Note: HTTPS support is only available if the socket module was
- compiled with SSL support.
- Note: The public interface for this module changed substantially in Python
- 2.0. The HTTP class is retained only for backward compatibility with 1.5.2. It should not be used in new code. Refer to the online docstrings for usage.
The module provides the following classes:
class class httplib.HTTPConnection(host[, port[, strict[, timeout]]])
An HTTPConnection instance represents one transaction with an HTTP server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host string if it has the form host:port, else the default HTTP port (80) is used. When True, the optional parameter strict (which defaults to a false value) causes BadStatusLine to be raised if the status line can’t be parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line. If the optional timeout parameter is given, blocking operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds (if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used).
For example, the following calls all create instances that connect to the server at the same host and port:
>>> h1 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl') >>> h2 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl:80') >>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80) >>> h3 = httplib.HTTPConnection('www.cwi.nl', 80, timeout=10)New in version 2.0.
Changed in version 2.6: timeout was added.
class class httplib.HTTPSConnection(host[, port[, key_file[, cert_file[, strict[, timeout]]]]])
A subclass of HTTPConnection that uses SSL for communication with secure servers. Default port is 443. key_file is the name of a PEM formatted file that contains your private key. cert_file is a PEM formatted certificate chain file.
Note: This does not do any certificate verification.
New in version 2.0.
Changed in version 2.6: timeout was added.
class class httplib.HTTPResponse(sock[, debuglevel=0][, strict=0])
Class whose instances are returned upon successful connection. Not instantiated directly by user.
New in version 2.0.
The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
exception exception httplib.HTTPException
The base class of the other exceptions in this module. It is a subclass of Exception.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.NotConnected
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.InvalidURL
A subclass of HTTPException, raised if a port is given and is either non-numeric or empty.
New in version 2.3.
exception exception httplib.UnknownProtocol
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.UnknownTransferEncoding
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.UnimplementedFileMode
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.IncompleteRead
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.ImproperConnectionState
A subclass of HTTPException.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.CannotSendRequest
A subclass of ImproperConnectionState.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.CannotSendHeader
A subclass of ImproperConnectionState.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.ResponseNotReady
A subclass of ImproperConnectionState.
New in version 2.0.
exception exception httplib.BadStatusLine
A subclass of HTTPException. Raised if a server responds with a HTTP status code that we don’t understand.
New in version 2.0.
The constants defined in this module are:
httplib.HTTP_PORT
The default port for the HTTP protocol (always 80).
httplib.HTTPS_PORT
The default port for the HTTPS protocol (always 443).
and also the following constants for integer status codes:
| Constant | Value | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| CONTINUE | 100 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.1.1 |
| SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS | 101 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.1.2 |
| PROCESSING | 102 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.1 |
| OK | 200 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.1 |
| CREATED | 201 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.2 |
| ACCEPTED | 202 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.3 |
| NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION | 203 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.4 |
| NO_CONTENT | 204 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.5 |
| RESET_CONTENT | 205 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.6 |
| PARTIAL_CONTENT | 206 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.2.7 |
| MULTI_STATUS | 207 | WEBDAV RFC 2518, Section 10.2 |
| IM_USED | 226 | Delta encoding in HTTP, RFC 3229, Section 10.4.1 |
| MULTIPLE_CHOICES | 300 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.1 |
| MOVED_PERMANENTLY | 301 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.2 |
| FOUND | 302 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.3 |
| SEE_OTHER | 303 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.4 |
| NOT_MODIFIED | 304 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.5 |
| USE_PROXY | 305 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.6 |
| TEMPORARY_REDIRECT | 307 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.3.8 |
| BAD_REQUEST | 400 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.1 |
| UNAUTHORIZED | 401 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.2 |
| PAYMENT_REQUIRED | 402 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.3 |
| FORBIDDEN | 403 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.4 |
| NOT_FOUND | 404 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.5 |
| METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED | 405 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.6 |
| NOT_ACCEPTABLE | 406 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.7 |
| PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED | 407 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.8 |
| REQUEST_TIMEOUT | 408 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.9 |
| CONFLICT | 409 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.10 |
| GONE | 410 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.11 |
| LENGTH_REQUIRED | 411 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.12 |
| PRECONDITION_FAILED | 412 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.13 |
| REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE | 413 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.14 |
| REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG | 414 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.15 |
| UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE | 415 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.16 |
| REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE | 416 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.17 |
| EXPECTATION_FAILED | 417 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.4.18 |
| UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY | 422 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.3 |
| LOCKED | 423 | WEBDAV RFC 2518, Section 10.4 |
| FAILED_DEPENDENCY | 424 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.5 |
| UPGRADE_REQUIRED | 426 | HTTP Upgrade to TLS, RFC 2817, Section 6 |
| INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR | 500 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.1 |
| NOT_IMPLEMENTED | 501 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.2 |
| BAD_GATEWAY | 502 | HTTP/1.1 RFC 2616, Section 10.5.3 |
| SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE | 503 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.4 |
| GATEWAY_TIMEOUT | 504 | HTTP/1.1 RFC 2616, Section 10.5.5 |
| HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED | 505 | HTTP/1.1, RFC 2616, Section 10.5.6 |
| INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE | 507 | WEBDAV, RFC 2518, Section 10.6 |
| NOT_EXTENDED | 510 | An HTTP Extension Framework, RFC 2774, Section 7 |
httplib.responses
This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.
Example: httplib.responses[httplib.NOT_FOUND] is 'Not Found'.
New in version 2.5.
20.7.1. HTTPConnection Objects¶
HTTPConnection instances have the following methods:
HTTPConnection.request(method, url[, body[, headers]])
This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method method and the selector url. If the body argument is present, it should be a string of data to send after the headers are finished. Alternatively, it may be an open file object, in which case the contents of the file is sent; this file object should support fileno() and read() methods. The header Content-Length is automatically set to the correct value. The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the request.
Changed in version 2.6: body can be a file object.
HTTPConnection.getresponse()
Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server. Returns an HTTPResponse instance.
- Note: Note that you must have read the whole response before you can
- send a new request to the server.
HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level)
Set the debugging level (the amount of debugging output printed). The default debug level is 0, meaning no debugging output is printed.
HTTPConnection.connect()
Connect to the server specified when the object was created.
HTTPConnection.close()
Close the connection to the server.
As an alternative to using the request() method described above, you can also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below.
HTTPConnection.putrequest(request, selector[, skip_host[, skip_accept_encoding]])
This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made. It sends a line to the server consisting of the request string, the selector string, and the HTTP version (HTTP/1.1). To disable automatic sending of Host: or Accept-Encoding: headers (for example to accept additional content encodings), specify skip_host or skip_accept_encoding with non-False values.
Changed in version 2.4: skip_accept_encoding argument added.
HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...])
Send an RFC 822-style header to the server. It sends a line to the server consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and an argument.
HTTPConnection.endheaders()
Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers.
HTTPConnection.send(data)
Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the endheaders() method has been called and before getresponse() is called.
20.7.2. HTTPResponse Objects¶
HTTPResponse instances have the following methods and attributes:
HTTPResponse.read([amt])
Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next amt bytes.
HTTPResponse.getheader(name[, default])
Get the contents of the header name, or default if there is no matching header.
HTTPResponse.getheaders()
Return a list of (header, value) tuples.
New in version 2.4.
HTTPResponse.msg
A mimetools.Message instance containing the response headers.
HTTPResponse.version
HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.
HTTPResponse.status
Status code returned by server.
HTTPResponse.reason
Reason phrase returned by server.
20.7.3. Examples¶
Here is an example session that uses the GET method:
>>> import httplib
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.python.org")
>>> conn.request("GET", "/index.html")
>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
>>> print r1.status, r1.reason
200 OK
>>> data1 = r1.read()
>>> conn.request("GET", "/parrot.spam")
>>> r2 = conn.getresponse()
>>> print r2.status, r2.reason
404 Not Found
>>> data2 = r2.read()
>>> conn.close()
Here is an example session that shows how to POST requests:
>>> import httplib, urllib
>>> params = urllib.urlencode({'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'bacon': 0})
>>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
... "Accept": "text/plain"}
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("musi-cal.mojam.com:80")
>>> conn.request("POST", "/cgi-bin/query", params, headers)
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
>>> print response.status, response.reason
200 OK
>>> data = response.read()
>>> conn.close()